Amrit Bera

Ubuntu 10.10 LAMP installation (Apache 2, PHP 5.3, mySql 5.1)

2010-11-26T22:15:00.002+05:30

Setup/install a full LAMP server in Ubuntu 10.10 (or lower)

Includes:
1. Install mysql (server and client)
2. Install apache2
3. Install PHP 5.3
4. Install phpmyadmin
4. Enable mod_rewrite
5. Set up VirtualHost
6. set up a web_root folder in home directory to get easier access.

Steps (internet connection required):

Take ROOT privilages:
$ sudo su

Install mysql-server and mysql-client
# apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
*Enter desired ROOT password when asked.

Install apache2
# apt-get install apache2

Install phpmyadmin [ PHP 5.3 will be automatically installed ;) ]
# apt-get install phpmyadmin

Add the phpmyadmin entry to apache.conf
# gedit /etc/apache2/apache.conf
Add this line at the end of this file: Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf

Test the PHP installation:
(You can always install new/extra php packages like JSON, XML, etc. later)
Create a file named info.php inside /var/www
# gedit info.php
Create a new PHP file with this function: phpinfo();

Restart the server:
# /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

Now visit http://localhost/info.php
You should see a php page with all the information about the installed packages and versions.

Ubuntu won't allow to directly go and create new files in /var/www so we have to create a symbolic link with a folder in /home//
So, travel to your home directory using 'cd' command and execute
# mkdir www
# link -s /home//www /var/www
Now put your php files in/home//www and you can access those from browse by http://localhost/www/.php

This is enough for the LAMP server.
If you want to enable mod_rewrite (for using clean, nice looking URLs) and VirtualHost (to use www.mysite.com instead of localhost/... ) proceed:

Enable mod_rewrite:
# a2enmod rewrite
# gedit /etc/apach2/sites-available/default
Find /var/www and replace these inside that block: AllowOverride None TO AllowOverride All

Set up VirtualHost:
# gedit /etc/hosts
Inside that, add these lines:
127.0.0.1 www.bs2.com
127.0.0.1 www.cul5.com
# gedit /etc/apache2/sites-default/default
At the end/bottom of the file add lines similar to these:

You can add any number of virtual hosts (but restart apache every time)

# /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

If you have any doubts or anything is wrong here, please leave your comments.

Thanks

ns

2010-11-22T07:48:00.000+05:30

Simulate three nodes point-to-point networks with a duplex link between them. Set the queue size and vary the bandwidth and find the number of packets dropped.

# This simulation contains three simple nodes with duplex link.

#node0 contains a TCP agent over which a CBR application resides.

# cbr

# \

# TCP sink

# | 2Mb 2Mb |

# n0-------n1--------n2

#produces 4 packets from n0 to n2 in FTP application

#Create simulator

set ns [new Simulator]

set ntrace [open 1.tr w]

$ns trace-all $ntrace

set file2 [open out.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $file2

proc finish {} {

global ns ntrace

$ns flush-trace

close $ntrace

exit 0

}

#create node

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

#create link

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 10Mb 10ms DropTail

#Set Queue Size

$ns queue-limit $n0 $n1 10

$ns queue-limit $n1 $n2 10

#setup tcp connection

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0

#set sink to node

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns attach-agent $n2 $sink

#connect tcp src and sink

$ns connect $tcp0 $sink

$tcp0 set window_ 1

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $tcp0

$cbr set type_ CBR

$cbr set packetSize_ 100

$cbr set rate_ 0.1Mb

$cbr set random_ false

$ns at 0.0 "$cbr start"

$ns at 5.0 "finish"

$ns run

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Apply TCP agent between n0 to n3 and UDP n1 to n3. Apply relevant applications over TCP and UDP agents changing the parameters and determine the number of packets sent by TCP/UDP.

set ns [new Simulator]

# Open the Trace file

set ntrace [open out.tr w]

$ns trace-all $ntrace

# Finish procedure

proc finish {} {

global ns ntrace

$ns flush-trace

close $ntrace

exit 0

}

# Create four nodes

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

# Create links between the nodes

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns simplex-link $n2 $n3 0.07Mb 20ms DropTail

$ns simplex-link $n3 $n2 0.07Mb 20ms DropTail

# Set Queue Size of link (n2-n3) to 10

$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 10

# Monitor the queue for link (n2-n3)

$ns simplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5

# Setup a TCP connection

set tcp [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink

$ns connect $tcp $sink

$tcp set fid_ 1

# Setup a FTP over TCP connection

set ftp [new Application/FTP]

$ftp attach-agent $tcp

$ftp set type_ FTP

# Setup a UDP connection

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $null

$ns connect $udp $null

$udp set fid_ 2

# Setup a CBR over UDP connection

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp

$cbr set type_ CBR

$cbr set packetSize_ 1000

$cbr set rate_ 0.01Mb

$cbr set random_ false

$ns at 0.1 "$cbr start"

$ns at 1.0 "$ftp start"

$ns at 24.0 "$ftp stop"

$ns at 24.5 "$cbr stop"

$ns at 25.5.0 "finish"

$ns run

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Simulation Program 3:

Simulate the different type of internet traffic such as FTP and TELNET over a network and analyze the throughput.

#Create Simulator

set ns [new Simulator]

#Open Trace and NAM Trace File

set ntrace [open prog3.tr w]

$ns trace-all $ntrace

set namfile [open prog3.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

#Finish Procedure

proc Finish {} {

global ns ntrace namfile

#Dump all trace data and close the files

$ns flush-trace

close $ntrace

close $namfile

#Execute the nam animation file

exec nam prog3.nam &

#Calculate throughput = (number of packets received/time taken for simulation)

set numTcp [exec grep "^r" prog3.tr | grep "tcp" | tail -n 1 | cut -d " " -f 6]

set TcpSize [exec grep "^r" prog3.tr | grep -c "tcp"]

set tcpTime 24.0

set numUdp [exec grep "^r" prog3.tr | grep "udp" | tail -n 1 | cut -d " " -f 6]

set UdpSize [exec grep "^r" prog3.tr | grep -c "udp"]

set udpTime 23.9

puts "The throughput of FTP is "

puts "[expr ($numTcp*$TcpSize)/$tcpTime] bytes per second"

puts "The throughput of Telnet is "

puts "[expr ($numUdp*$UdpSize)/$udpTime] bytes per second"

exit 0

}

#Create four nodes

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]

set n2 [$ns node]

set n3 [$ns node]

#Create links between the nodes

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns simplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns simplex-link $n3 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail

#Set queue size and Monitor the queue

$ns queue-limit $n0 $n2 10

$ns simplex-link-op $n0 $n2 queuePos 0.5

#Set TCP Connection between n0 and n3

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0

set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink0

$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0

#Attach FTP Application over TCP

set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]

$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0

$ftp0 set type_ FTP

#Set UDP Connection between n1 and n3

set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp0

set null0 [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $null0

$ns connect $udp0 $null0

#Attach Telnet Application over UDP

set telnet [new Application/Telnet]

$telnet attach-agent $udp0

$telnet set type_ Telnet

#Schedule Events

$ns at 0.1 "$telnet start"

$ns at 0.5 "$ftp0 start"

$ns at 24.0 "$telnet stop"

$ns at 24.5 "$ftp0 stop"

$ns at 25.0 "Finish"

#Run Simulation

$ns run

Output:

#ns prog3.tcl

The throughput of FTP is

248906.66666666666 bytes per second

The throughput of Telnet is

1422.5941422594144 bytes per second

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simulation Program 4:

Simulate a transmission of ping message over a network topology consisting of 6 nodes and find the number of packets dropped due to congestion.

#Create Simulator

set ns [new Simulator]

#Use colors to differentiate the traffic

$ns color 1 Blue

$ns color 2 Red

#Open trace and NAM trace file

set ntrace [open prog4.tr w]

$ns trace-all $ntrace

set namfile [open prog4.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

#Finish Procedure

proc Finish {} {

global ns ntrace namfile

#Dump all trace data and close the file

$ns flush-trace

close $ntrace

close $namfile

#Execute the nam animation file

exec nam prog4.nam &

#Find the number of ping packets dropped

puts "The number of ping packets dropped are "

exec grep "^d" prog4.tr | cut -d " " -f 5 | grep -c "ping" &

exit 0

}

#Create six nodes

for {set i 0} {$i < 6} {incr i} {

set n($i) [$ns node]

}

#Connect the nodes

for {set j 0} {$j < 5} {incr j} {

$ns duplex-link $n($j) $n([expr ($j+1)]) 0.1Mb 10ms DropTail

}

#Define the recv function for the class 'Agent/Ping'

Agent/Ping instproc recv {from rtt} {

$self instvar node_

puts "node [$node_ id] received ping answer from $from with round trip time $rtt ms"

}

#Create two ping agents and attach them to n(0) and n(5)

set p0 [new Agent/Ping]

$p0 set class_ 1

$ns attach-agent $n(0) $p0

set p1 [new Agent/Ping]

$p1 set class_ 1

$ns attach-agent $n(5) $p1

$ns connect $p0 $p1

#Set queue size and monitor the queue

#Queue size is set to 2 to observe the drop in ping packets

$ns queue-limit $n(2) $n(3) 2

$ns duplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) queuePos 0.5

#Create Congestion

#Generate a Huge CBR traffic between n(2) and n(4)

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]

$tcp0 set class_ 2

$ns attach-agent $n(2) $tcp0

set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns attach-agent $n(4) $sink0

$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0

#Apply CBR traffic over TCP

set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500

$cbr0 set rate_ 1Mb

$cbr0 attach-agent $tcp0

#Schedule events

$ns at 0.2 "$p0 send"

$ns at 0.4 "$p1 send"

$ns at 0.4 "$cbr0 start"

$ns at 0.8 "$p0 send"

$ns at 1.0 "$p1 send"

$ns at 1.2 "$cbr0 stop"

$ns at 1.4 "$p0 send"

$ns at 1.6 "$p1 send"

$ns at 1.8 "Finish"

#Run the Simulation

$ns run

Output:

#ns prog4.tcl

node 0 received ping answer from 5 with round trip time 151.2 ms

node 0 received ping answer from 5 with round trip time 301.4 ms

node 5 received ping answer from 0 with round trip time 155.4 ms

The number of ping packets dropped are

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simulation Program 5:

Simulate an Ethernet LAN using n nodes (6 – 10), change error rate and data rate and compare the throughput.

#Create Simulator

set ns [new Simulator]

#Use colors to differentiate the traffic

$ns color 1 Blue

$ns color 2 Red

#Open trace and NAM trace file

set ntrace [open prog5.tr w]

$ns trace-all $ntrace

set namfile [open prog5.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

#Finish Procedure

proc Finish {} {

global ns ntrace namfile

#Dump all trace data and close the files

$ns flush-trace

close $ntrace

close $namfile

#Execute the nam animation file

exec nam prog5.nam &

#Calculate the throughput = (number of packets received/time taken for simulation)

set TcpSize [exec grep "^r" prog5.tr | grep "tcp" | tail -n 1 | cut -d " " -f 6]

set numTcp [exec grep "^r" prog5.tr | grep -c "tcp"]

set tcpTime 123.0

set UdpSize [exec grep "^r" prog5.tr | grep "cbr" | tail -n 1 | cut -d " " -f 6]

set numUdp [exec grep "^r" prog5.tr | grep -c "cbr"]

set udpTime 124.4

puts "The throughput of FTP is"

puts "[expr ($numTcp*$TcpSize)/$tcpTime] bytes per second"

puts "The throughput of CBR is"

puts "[expr ($numUdp*$UdpSize)/$udpTime] bytes per second"

exit 0

}

#Create 6 nodes

for {set i 0} {$i < 6} {incr i} {

set n($i) [$ns node]

}

#Create duplex links between the nodes

$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n(1) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns simplex-link $n(2) $n(3) 0.3Mb 100ms DropTail

$ns simplex-link $n(3) $n(2) 0.3Mb 100ms DropTail

#Node n(3), n(4) and n(5) are considered in a LAN

set lan [$ns newLan "$n(3) $n(4) $n(5)" 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/DropTail MAC/802_3 Channel]

#Orientation to the nodes

$ns duplex-link-op $n(0) $n(2) orient right-down

$ns duplex-link-op $n(1) $n(2) orient right-up

$ns simplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) orient right

#Setup queue between n(2) and n(3) and monitor the queue

$ns queue-limit $n(2) $n(3) 20

$ns simplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) queuePos 0.5

#Set error model on link n(2) and n(3) and insert the error model

set loss_module [new ErrorModel]

$loss_module ranvar [new RandomVariable/Uniform]

$loss_module drop-target [new Agent/Null]

$ns lossmodel $loss_module $n(2) $n(3)

#Setup TCP Connection between n(0) and n(4)

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]

$tcp0 set fid_ 1

$tcp0 set window_ 8000

$tcp0 set packetSize_ 552

$ns attach-agent $n(0) $tcp0

set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]

$ns attach-agent $n(4) $sink0

$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0

#Apply FTP Application over TCP

set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]

$ftp0 set type_ FTP

$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0

#Setup UDP Connection between n(1) and n(5)

set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp0 set fid_ 2

$ns attach-agent $n(1) $udp0

set null0 [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n(5) $null0

$ns connect $udp0 $null0

#Apply CBR Traffic over UDP

set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr0 set type_ CBR

$cbr0 set packetSize_ 1000

$cbr0 set rate_ 0.1Mb

$cbr0 set random_ false

$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0

#Schedule events

$ns at 0.1 "$cbr0 start"

$ns at 1.0 "$ftp0 start"

$ns at 124.0 "$ftp0 stop"

$ns at 124.5 "$cbr0 stop"

$ns at 125.0 "Finish"

#Run Simulation

$ns run

Output:

#ns prog5.tcl

The throughput of FTP is

72556.097560975613 bytes per second

The throughput of CBR is

37363.34405144694 bytes per second

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simulation Program 6:

Simulate an Ethernet LAN using n nodes and set multiple traffic nodes and determine the collision across different nodes.

#Create Simualator

set ns [new Simulator]

#Use colors to differentiate the traffics

$ns color 1 Blue

$ns color 2 Red

#Open trace and NAM trace file

set ntrace [open prog6.tr w]

$ns trace-all $ntrace

set namfile [open prog6.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

#Finish Procedure

proc Finish {} {

global ns ntrace namfile

#Dump all trace data and close the files

$ns flush-trace

close $ntrace

close $namfile

#Execute the NAM animation file

exec nam prog6.nam &

#Calculate the number of packets dropped due to collision

puts "The number of packet drops due to collision is"

exec grep "^d" prog6.tr | cut -d " " -f 4 | grep -c "3" &

exit 0

}

#Create 6 nodes

for {set i 0} {$i < 6} {incr i} {

set n($i) [$ns node]

}

#Create duplex links between the nodes

$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n(1) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n(2) $n(3) 0.2Mb 100ms DropTail

#Nodes n(3), n(4) and n(5) are considered in a LAN

set lan0 [$ns newLan "$n(3) $n(4) $n(5)" 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/DropTail MAC/802_3 Channel]

#Orientation to the nodes

$ns duplex-link-op $n(0) $n(2) orient right-down

$ns duplex-link-op $n(1) $n(2) orient right-up

$ns duplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) orient right

#Set up queue between n(2) and n(3) and monitor the queue

$ns queue-limit $n(2) $n(3) 20

$ns simplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) queuePos 0.5

#Setup TCP connection between n(0) and n(4)

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]

$ns attach-agent $n(0) $tcp0

set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]

$ns attach-agent $n(4) $sink0

$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0

$tcp0 set fid_ 1

$tcp0 set window_ 8000

$tcp0 set packetSize_ 552

#Apply FTP application over TCP

set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]

$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0

$ftp0 set type_ FTP

#Setup another TCP connection between n(5) and n(1)

set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]

$ns attach-agent $n(5) $tcp1

set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]

$ns attach-agent $n(1) $sink1

$ns connect $tcp1 $sink1

$tcp1 set fid_ 2

$tcp1 set window_ 8000

$tcp1 set packetSize_ 552

#Apply FTP application over TCP

set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]

$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1

$ftp1 set type_ FTP

#Schedule the events

$ns at 0.1 "$ftp0 start"

$ns at 0.2 "$ftp1 start"

$ns at 24.8 "$ftp0 stop"

$ns at 24.9 "$ftp1 stop"

$ns at 25.0 "Finish"

#Run the simulation

$ns run

Output:

#ns prog6.tcl

The number of packet drops due to collision is

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simulation Program 7:

Simulate an Ethernet LAN using n nodes and set multiple traffic nodes and plot congestion window for different source/destination

#Create Simulator

set ns [new Simulator]

#Use colors to differentiate the traffics

$ns color 1 Blue

$ns color 2 Red

#Open trace and NAM trace file

set ntrace [open prog7.tr w]

$ns trace-all $ntrace

set namfile [open prog7.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

#Use some flat file to create congestion graph windows

set winFile0 [open WinFile0 w]

set winFile1 [open WinFile1 w]

#Finish Procedure

proc Finish {} {

#Dump all trace data and Close the files

global ns ntrace namfile

$ns flush-trace

close $ntrace

close $namfile

#Execute the NAM animation file

exec nam prog7.nam &

Plot the Congestion Window graph using xgraph

exec xgraph WinFile0 WinFile1 &

exit 0

}

#Plot Window Procedure

proc PlotWindow {tcpSource file} {

global ns

set time 0.1

set now [$ns now]

set cwnd [$tcpSource set cwnd_]

puts $file "$now $cwnd"

$ns at [expr $now+$time] "PlotWindow $tcpSource $file"

}

#Create 6 nodes

for {set i 0} {$i<6} {incr i} {

set n($i) [$ns node]

}

#Create duplex links between the nodes

$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n(1) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n(2) $n(3) 0.6Mb 100ms DropTail

#Nodes n(3) , n(4) and n(5) are considered in a LAN

set lan [$ns newLan "$n(3) $n(4) $n(5)" 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/DropTail MAC/802_3 Channel]

#Orientation to the nodes

$ns duplex-link-op $n(0) $n(2) orient right-down

$ns duplex-link-op $n(1) $n(2) orient right-up

$ns duplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) orient right

#Setup queue between n(2) and n(3) and monitor the queue

$ns queue-limit $n(2) $n(3) 20

$ns duplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) queuePos 0.5

#Set error model on link n(2) to n(3)

set loss_module [new ErrorModel]

$loss_module ranvar [new RandomVariable/Uniform]

$loss_module drop-target [new Agent/Null]

$ns lossmodel $loss_module $n(2) $n(3)

#Set up the TCP connection between n(0) and n(4)

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]

$tcp0 set fid_ 1

$tcp0 set window_ 8000

$tcp0 set packetSize_ 552

$ns attach-agent $n(0) $tcp0

set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]

$ns attach-agent $n(4) $sink0

$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0

#Apply FTP Application over TCP

set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]

$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0

$ftp0 set type_ FTP

#Set up another TCP connection between n(5) and n(1)

set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]

$tcp1 set fid_ 2

$tcp1 set window_ 8000

$tcp1 set packetSize_ 552

$ns attach-agent $n(5) $tcp1

set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]

$ns attach-agent $n(1) $sink1

$ns connect $tcp1 $sink1

#Apply FTP application over TCP

set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]

$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1

$ftp1 set type_ FTP

#Schedule Events

$ns at 0.1 "$ftp0 start"

$ns at 0.1 "PlotWindow $tcp0 $winFile0"

$ns at 0.5 "$ftp1 start"

$ns at 0.5 "PlotWindow $tcp1 $winFile1"

$ns at 25.0 "$ftp0 stop"

$ns at 25.1 "$ftp1 stop"

$ns at 25.2 "Finish"

#Run the simulation

$ns run

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

########################### PART B #############################

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Write a program for error detecting code using CRC-CCITT (16bit)

#include

char m[50],g[50],r[50],q[50],temp[50];

void caltrans(int);

void crc(int);

void calram();

void shiftl();

int main()

{

int n,i=0;

char ch,flag=0;

printf("Enter the frame bits:");

while((ch=getc(stdin))!='\n')

m[i++]=ch;

n=i;

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

m[n++]='0';

m[n]='\0';

printf("Message after appending 16 zeros:%s",m);

for(i=0;i<=16;i++)

g[i]='0';

g[0]=g[4]=g[11]=g[16]='1';g[17]='\0';

printf("\ngenerator:%s\n",g);

crc(n);

printf("\n\nquotient:%s",q);

caltrans(n);

printf("\ntransmitted frame:%s",m);

printf("\nEnter transmitted freme:");

scanf("\n%s",m);

printf("CRC checking\n");

crc(n);

printf("\n\nlast remainder:%s",r);

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

if(r[i]!='0')

flag=1;

else

continue;

if(flag==1)

printf("Error during transmission");

else

printf("\n\nReceived freme is correct");

}

void crc(int n)

{

int i,j;

for(i=0;i

temp[i]=m[i];

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

r[i]=m[i];

printf("\nintermediate remainder\n");

for(i=0;i

{

if(r[0]=='1')

{

q[i]='1';

calram();

}

else

{

q[i]='0';

shiftl();

}

r[16]=m[17+i];

r[17]='\0';

printf("\nremainder %d:%s",i+1,r);

for(j=0;j<=17;j++)

temp[j]=r[j];

}

q[n-16]='\0';

}

void calram()

{

int i,j;

for(i=1;i<=16;i++)

r[i-1]=((int)temp[i]-48)^((int)g[i]-48)+48;

}

void shiftl()

{

int i;

for(i=1;i<=16;i++)

r[i-1]=r[i];

}

void caltrans(int n)

{

int i,k=0;

for(i=n-16;i

m[i]=((int)m[i]-48)^((int)r[k++]-48)+48;

m[i]='\0';

}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Write a program for frame sorting technique used in buffer

#include

struct frame

{

int fslno;

char finfo[20];

};

struct frame arr[10];

int n;

void sort()

{

int i,j,ex;

struct frame temp;

for(i=0;i

{

ex=0;

for(j=0;j

if(arr[j].fslno>arr[j+1].fslno)

{

temp=arr[j];

arr[j]=arr[j+1];

arr[j+1]=temp;

ex++;

}

if(ex==0)

break;

}

int main()

{

int i;

system("clear");

printf("enter no of frames\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("enter frame sequence no and frame contents\n");

for(i=0;i

scanf("%d%s",&arr[i].fslno,&arr[i].finfo);

sort();

printf("frames in sequence\n");

for(i=0;i

{

printf("01111110 %d lt %s 01111110\n",arr[i].fslno,arr[i].finfo);

}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Write a program for distance vector algorithm to find suitable path for transmission

#include

#define nul 1000

#define nodes 10

int no;

struct node

{

int a[nodes][4];

}router[nodes];

void init(int r)

{

int i;

for(i=1;i<=no;i++)

{

router[r].a[i][1]=i;

router[r].a[i][2]=999;

router[r].a[i][3]=nul;

}

router[r].a[r][2]=0;

router[r].a[r][3]=r;

}

void inp(int r)

{

int i;

printf("\nEnter dist from the node %d to other nodes",r);

printf("\nPls enter 999 if there is no direct route\n",r);

for(i=1;i<=no;i++)

{

if(i!=r)

{

printf("\nEnter dist to the node %d:",i);

scanf("%d",&router[r].a[i][2]);

router[r].a[i][3]=i;

}

void display(int r)

{

int i,j;

printf("\n\nThe routing table for node %d is as follows:",r);

for(i=1;i<=no;i++)

{

if(router[r].a[i][2]>=999)

printf("\n\t\t\t %d \t no link \t no hop",router[r].a[i][1]);

else

printf("\n\t\t\t %d \t %d \t\t d",router[r].a[i][1],router[r].a[i][2],router[r].a[i][3]);

}

void dv_algo(int r)

{

int i,j,z;

for(i=1;i<=no;i++)

{

if(router[r].a[i][2]!=999 && router[r].a[i][2]!=0)

{

for(j=1;j<=no;j++)

{

z=router[r].a[i][2]+router[i].a[j][2];

if(router[r].a[j][2]>z)

{

router[r].a[j][2]=z;

router[r].a[j][3]=i;

}

int main()

{

int i,j,x,y;

char choice;

printf("Enter the no. of nodes required (less than 10 pls):");

scanf("%d",&no);

for(i=1;i<=no;i++)

{

init(i);

inp(i);

}

printf("\nThe configuration of the nodes after initialization is as follows:");

for(i=1;i<=no;i++)

display(i);

for(i=1;i<=no;i++)

dv_algo(i);

printf("\nThe configuration of the nodes after computation of paths is as follows:");

for(i=1;i<=no;i++)

display(i);

while(1)

{

printf("\n\nWanna continue (y/n):");

scanf("%c",&choice);

if(choice=='n')

break;

printf("\nEnter the nodes btn which shortest path is to be found:\n");

scanf("%d %d",&x,&y);

printf("\nThe length of the shortest path is %d",router[x].a[y][2]);

}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Write a program for spanning tree algorithm to find loop less path

#include

#define MAX 20

#define INFINITY 999

enum boolean {false,true};

void prim(int c[][MAX],int t[MAX],int n);

int mincost=0;

int main()

{

int n,c[MAX][MAX],t[2*(MAX-1)];

int i,j;

printf("this pgm implements prim's algom\n");

printf("how many nodes does the graph have?\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("enter cost adjacency matrix\n");

printf("999 indicates no connection\n");

for(i=0;i

for(j=0;j

scanf("%d",&c[i][j]);

prim(c,t,n);

printf("spanning tree\n");

for(i=0;i<2*(n-1);i+=2)

printf("%d%d\n",t[i]+1,t[i+1]+1);

printf("mincost=%d",mincost);

return 0;

}

void prim(int c[][MAX],int t[MAX],int n)

{

int i,j;

enum boolean v[MAX];

int u,s,min,v1,v2;

for(i=0;i

v[i]=false;

v[0]=true;

u=0;

t[u]=1;

s=0;

u++;

while(u

{

min=INFINITY;

for(i=0;i

for(j=1;j

if(v[i]==true&&v[j]==false&&c[i][j]

{

min=c[i][j];

v1=i;

v2=j;

}

mincost=mincost+min;

if(min==INFINITY)

{

printf("graph disconnected:spanning tree impossible\n");

exit(1);

}

v[v2]=true;

u++;

t[s++]=v1;

t[s++]=v2;

}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Using TCP or IP sockets write a client/server program to make client send the name of a file and server to send back the contents of the requested file if present.

Client Side:

#include

int main(int argc,char *argv[])

{

int sockfd,newsockfd,portno,len,n;

char buffer[256],c[20000];

struct sockaddr_in serv,cli;

FILE *fd;

if(argc<2)

{

printf("Err:no port no.\nusage:\n./client portno\n ex:./client 7777\n");

exit(1);

}

sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);

bzero((char *)&serv,sizeof(serv));

portno=atoi(argv[1]);

serv.sin_family=AF_INET;

serv.sin_port=htons(portno);

if(connect(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&serv,sizeof(serv))<0)

{

printf("server not responding..\n\n\n\ti am to terminate\n");

exit(1);

}

printf("Enter the file with complete path\n");

scanf("%s",&buffer);

if(write(sockfd,buffer,strlen(buffer))<0)

printf("Err writing to socket..\n");

bzero(c,2000);

printf("Reading..\n..\n");

if(read(sockfd,c,1999)<0)

printf("error: read error\n");

printf("client: display content of %s\n..\n",buffer);

fputs(c,stdout);

printf("\n..\n");

return 0;

}

Server Side:

#include

int main(int argc,char *argv[])

{

int sockfd,newsockfd,portno,len,n;

char buffer[256],c[2000],cc[20000];

struct sockaddr_in serv,cli;

FILE *fd;

if(argc<2)

{

printf("erroe:no port no\n usage:\n/server port no\n");

exit(1);

}

sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);

portno=atoi(argv[1]);

serv.sin_family=AF_INET;

serv.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY;

serv.sin_port=htons(portno);

bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&serv,sizeof(serv));

listen(sockfd,10);

len=sizeof(cli);

printf("serve:\nwaiting for connection\n");

newsockfd=accept(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cli,&len);

bzero(buffer,255);

n=read(newsockfd,buffer,255);

printf("\nserver recv:%s\n",buffer);

if((fd=fopen(buffer,"r"))!=NULL)

{

printf("server:%s found\n opening and reading..\n",buffer);

printf("reading..\n..reading complete");

fgets(cc,2000,fd);

while(!feof(fd))

{

fgets(c,2000,fd);

strcat(cc,c);

}

n=write(newsockfd,cc,strlen(cc));

if(n<0)

printf("error writing to socket");

printf("\ntransfer complete\n");

}

else

{

printf("server:file not found\n");

n=write(newsockfd,"file not foung",15);

if(n<0)

printf("error: writing to socket..\n");

}

return 0;

}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Implement the above program using as Message queue or FIFOs as IPC channels.

Server Side:

#include

#define fifo1 "fifo1"

#define fifo2 "fifo2"

int main()

{

char p[100],c[100];

int fd1,fd2,fd,i;

for(i=0;i<100;i++)

c[i]=p[i]='\0';

mknod(fifo1,S_IFIFO|0777,0);

mknod(fifo2,S_IFIFO|0777,0);

printf("server online\n waiting for request...\n");

fd1=open(fifo1,O_RDONLY);

read(fd1,p,100);

if((fd=open(p,O_RDONLY))<0)

{

printf("\n server:file %s not found\n",p);

exit(1);

}

printf("\n server:%s found!\n transfering the content");

read(fd,c,1000);

fd2=open(fifo2,O_WRONLY);

write(fd2,c,strlen(c));

printf("server:transfer completed\n");

}

Client Side:

#include

#define fifo1 "fifo1"

#define fifo2 "fifo2"

int main()

{

char p[100],c[100],ch;

int fd1,fd2,fd,i;

for(i=0;i<100;i++)

c[i]=p[i]='\0';

mknod(fifo1,S_IFIFO|0777,0);

mknod(fifo2,S_IFIFO|0777,0);

printf("waiting for server");

fd1=open(fifo1,O_WRONLY);

printf("server is online\n client enter the path");

i=0;

while(1)

{

ch=getchar();

if(ch=='\n')

break;

p[i++]=ch;

}

p[i]='\0';

write(fd1,p,strlen(p));

if((fd=open(p,O_RDONLY))<0)

{

printf("error file not found!enter valid path name\n\n",p);

exit(1);

}

fd2=open(fifo2,O_RDONLY);

read(fd2,c,1000);

printf("File Recieved:Display Contents");

fputs(c,stdout);

printf("\n\n");

}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Write a program for simple RSA algorithm to encrypt and decrypt the data

#include

unsigned long modexp(unsigned long msg,unsigned long exp,unsigned long n)

{

unsigned long i,k=1;

for(i=0;i

k=(k*msg)%n;

return k;

}

int main()

{

unsigned long p,q,e,d,n,z,i,C,M;

int len;

char data[100];

system("clear");

printf("Enter the value of P and Q (such that p*q>255 and p not equal to q)\n");

scanf("%lu%lu",&p,&q);

n=p*q;

z=(p-1)*(q-1);

for(i=1;i

{

if((z%i)==0)

continue;

else

break;

}

e=i;

printf("\nEncryption key is :%lu",e);

for(i=1;i

if(((e*i-1)%z)==0)

break;

d=i;

printf("\ndecryption key is :%lu",d);

printf("\npls enter the message:");

scanf("%s",data);

len=strlen(data);

for(i=0;i

{

M=(unsigned long)data[i];

C=modexp(M,e,n);

printf("\nencrypted value and its char representation:%lu\t%c\n",C,C);

M=modexp(C,d,n);

printf("\ndecrypted value and its char representation:%lu\t%c\n",M,M);

}

return 0;

}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Write a program for hamming code generation for error detection/correction

Encoding

#include

int gmatrix[4][7]={0,1,1,1,0,0,0,

1,0,1,0,1,0,0,

1,1,1,0,0,1,0,

1,1,1,0,0,0,1};

char data[5];

int encode[8];

int con(char x);

int main()

{

int i,j;

system("clear");

printf("Enter the Hamming code\n");

scanf("%s",&data);

for(i=0;i<7;i++)

for(j=0;j<4;j++)

encode[i]=encode[i]+con(data[j])*gmatrix[j][i];

puts(" ENCODE");

for(i=0;i<7;i++)

{

encode[i]=encode[i]%2;

printf("%i",encode[i]);

}

puts(" ");

return 0;

}

int con(char x)

{

if(x == '1')

return 1;

else

return 0;

}

Decoding

#include

int hmatrix[3][7]={1,0,0,0,1,1,1,

0,1,0,1,0,1,1,

0,0,1,1,1,0,1};

char edata[8];

int syndrome[3];

int errdig;

int con(char x)

{

if(x=='1')

return 1;

else

return 0;

}

int main()

{

int i,j,err;

system("system");

printf("\nEnter the encoded bit\n");

scanf("%s",edata);

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

for(j=0;j<7;j++)

syndrome[i]=syndrome[i]+con(edata[j])*hmatrix[i][j];

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

syndrome[i]=syndrome[i]%2;

err=4*syndrome[0]+2*syndrome[1]+1*syndrome[2];

printf("\nhi...%d\n",err);

if(0==err)

printf("\nError free data\n");

else

{ switch(err)

{

case 4:errdig=1;

break;

case 3:errdig=4;

break;

case 1:errdig=3;

break;

default:errdig=err;

}

printf("\nError in bit %d----%c",errdig,edata[errdig]);

errdig--;

if('1'==edata[errdig])

edata[errdig]='0';

else

edata[errdig]='1';

}

printf("\nThe data is:");

for(i=3;i<7;i++)

printf("%c",edata[i]);

puts(" ");

}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Write a program for congestion control using Leaky Bucket algorithm

#include

#define buffersize 10

struct buff

{

int pno;

struct buff *link;

};

struct buff *front,*rear,*temp;

main()

{

front=NULL;

rear=NULL;

int n=0,i,timer=0,npacks=0;

for(i=1;i<=buffersize;i++)

{

n++;

insert(n);

npacks++;

}

while(n<20)

{

n++;

if(timer==5)

{

delete();

npacks--;

if(npacks<=10)

insert(n);

timer=0;

}

else

{

printf("\nPacket %d is discarded..\n",n);

timer++;

sleep(1);

}

insert(int n)

{

struct buff *temp;

if(front==NULL)

{

printf("\nPacket %d is queued..\n",n);

temp=(struct buff*)malloc(sizeof(struct buff));

temp->pno=n;

temp->link=NULL;

front=temp;

rear=temp;

}

else

{

printf("\npacket %d queued..\n",n);

temp=(struct buff*)malloc(sizeof(struct buff));

temp->pno=n;

temp->link=NULL;

rear->link=temp;

rear=temp;

}

delete()

{

struct buff *temp;

if(front==NULL)

printf("\nBuffer is empty..\n");

else

{

temp=front;

printf("\nPacket %d id deleted",temp->pno);

front=front->link;

free(temp);

}

manual settings Indian GPRS providers

2010-01-04T12:42:00.004+05:30

Manual settings for Indian GPRS provider like Vodafone, Airtel, Aircel, BSNL, tata docomo, Idea, etc.

Use these settings when the "settings" ssent by your providers is not working or you are not getting the settings.

To connect LG mobiles, China-set, and other uncommon sets.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ A I R T E L --------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Airtel Live Manual GPRS settings

Profile Neme: Live
Homepage: http://live.airtelworld.com
Username: blank
Password: blank
APN: airtelfun.com
Proxy and Server Adress or IP: 100.1.200.99
Port: 8080
Data bearer - GPRS or Packet Data.
Authentication: normal

Airtel GPRS or Mobile Office Manual Sttings
Profile Neme: mo
Homepage: http://google.com
Username: blank
Password: blank
APN: airtelgprs.com
Proxy and Server Adress or IP: 202.56.231.117
Port: 8080
Data bearer - GPRS or Packet Data.
Authentication: normal

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------- I D E A --------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IDEA GPRS manual settings
Profile Neme:Idea
Homepage: http://wap.ideafresh.com
Username: blank
Password: blank
APN: imis
Proxy and Server Adress or IP: 10.4.42.45
Port: 8080
Data bearer - GPRS or Packet Data.
Authentication: normal

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ S M A R T --------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Manual settings fot Smart GPRS:
Smart SMARTWAP:

* Account name : SMARTWAP
* Access point name: SMARTWAP
* Home page: http://wap.rworld.co.in/gsm/index.wml
* Wapgateway proxy IP address: 97.253.29.199
* Port: 8080

Smart SMATRNET:

* Account name: SMARTNET
* Access point name: SMARTNET
* Home page: http://www.google.co.in
* Wapgateway proxy IP address: 97.253.29.199
* Port: 8080

Smart MMS:

* Account name: RTLMMS
* Access point name:MMS
* Homepage: http://10.114.0.5/mms/
* Wapgateway IP: 10.114.0.13
* Port: 9401

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ V O D A F O N E --------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vodafone live manual GPRS Settings:

Account Name - Vodafone Live
User Name - leave Blank
Password - leave Blank
Proxy - Enabled/yes
Access Point Name - portalnmms
Proxy - Enabled/yes.
Proxy and Server address - 010.010.001.100
Proxy and Server Port - 9401 or 8080
Homepage - http://live.vodafone.in
Authentication Type - Normal

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ B S N L --------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BSNL gprs manual Settings:

Account Name - bsnlwap
Username - leave blank
Password - leave blank
Proxy - Enabled/yes
Homepage - http://wap.cellone.in
Proxy and Server address - 010.132.194.196
Proxy and Server Port - 8080
Acces Point Name - wapnorth.cellone.in
Data bearer - GPRS/ Packetdata
Authentication Type - Normal

Aircel GPRS manual Setting:

* Account name: Aircel Online
* Home page: http://www.google.co.in
* Access point name: aircelgprs.pr (for prepaid)
* Access point name: aircelgprs.po (for post)
* Homepage: http://10.114.0.5/mms/
* Wapgateway IP: 192.168.035.201
* Port: 8081

The above given GPRS setting can be used in any mobile phone in India. Chinese mobile is also 100% supported.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- Recent GPRS offers -------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Aircel recent offer:
RS.14 recharge - 3 days unlimited internet .
RS. 98 recharge - 30 days unlimited internet. It is the cheapest internet EDGE service in India.

Airtel recent offer:
RS. 498 recharge - 30 days unlimited internet.
RS.35 recharge - one day Unlimited.

Reliance GSM (Smart) offer:
RS.39 recharge - 3 days unlimited internet .
RS. 303 recharge - 30 days unlimited internet

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- M Y F I N D I N G S ---------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ T A T A D O C O M O ---------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------
DOCOMO gprs manual settings to activate:
----------------------------------------------
For Nokia, Sony Erricson, Motorola:
send message
DIVE
to 52270

INTERNET
to 52270

For china set and LG:
send message
DIVEIN
to 52270

INTERNET
to 52270

For Accessing In the PC:
Dial: *99#
APN: TATA.DOCOMO.INTERNET
Primary Server name: 0.0.0.0

----------------------------------------------
MANUAL SETTINGS FOR DOCOMO in LG and China Phone:
----------------------------------------------
menu-settings-network-gprs attach-always online
Access point NEW
ANP: TATA.DOCOMO.DIVE.IN (in small letters)
proxy: 10.124.94.7
port: 8080
data barrier : packet data

menu-brwser address:http://www.google.com

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ A I R C E L --------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------
AIRCEL GPRS manual Settings
----------------------------------------------
Pocket Internet Settings:
Proxy: Yes
Proxy Address: 192.168.035.201
Port No.: 8081
Uname and pass : BLANK
APN: aircelgprs

ip 192.168.035.201
speed 14.1
APN: aircelwap
homepage:http://wap.google.com
proxy: 8080

If you got any doubts, leave comments..
take care and

HaPPy BrOwsInG

easiest way to share files

2009-12-22T12:31:00.016+05:30

THE EASIEST WAY TO SHARE FILES BETWEEN TWO COMPUERS!!
(Only when you want to share the whole computer and ALL drives...)

There are various ways to connect two (or more) computer for file sharing. With various advantages and disadvantages.

I am going to show a very easy way(but, very dangerous and unsecured, if used in INTERNET) to connect two computers and share files. NO knowledge of networking is required. I’ll use Remote Desktop Connection(RDC).

Only a LAN/Ethernet wire is required (RJ45).

We will name the remote computer as CLIENT and the host computer as HOST. We won’t do much work in the client.

Always try configure the bigger-screen-computer as the host, if you don’t want to face any display problems.

Client Configuration:

1. Disable firewall/antivirus (if any).

2. Right click on My Computer, select properties.

3. Go to the remote tab, and select “Allow users to connect remotely to this computer".

4. Select ok.

5. Go to control panel and select Network Connection.

6. Right click on Local Area Connection and select Properties.

7. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and select properties.

8. Select Use the following IP address and give

Ip: 192.168.121.12

Subnet: 255.255.255.0

Gateway: 192.168.121.1

9. Click OK.

Now, the client configuration is finished.

Host Configuration:

1. Disable firewall/antivirus (if any).

2. Right click on My Computer, select properties.

3. Go to control panel and select Network Connection.

4. Right click on Local Area Connection and select Properties.

5. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and select properties.

6. Select Use the following IP address and give

Ip: 192.168.121.13

Subnet: 255.255.255.0

Gateway: 192.168.121.1

7. Click OK.

Connection (from HOST):

1. Go to Start -> Run and type cmd.

2. In the command prompt, type, “ping 192.168.121.12”. If you get replies from the client, then your connection is working. If you are not getting replies, then re-check everything you have done, disable and enable the connection, remove and re-insert the cable, and try again to ping. Your firewall may also be responsible for restricting the connection (so, disable it).

3. When you are connected, go to Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Remote Desktop Connection.

4. Enter the IP address of client (192.168.121.12), and CLICK OPTIONS >>

5. Click on the LOCAL RESOURCES tab and then click on the more button.

6. Select the drives.

7. Click Connect and then enter the username and password of the client. If your client computer doesn’t have an user name with password, then go to the client and create one user with password. Then try to connect with RDC.

8. Now you got the desktop!

9. Go to my Computer and do whatever you want like, copy/paste/etc.

10. When done, disconnect the connection.

11. Disable the RDC from the client computer.

This method can be used for any two computers connected with each other (through internet) residing anywhere in the world.

Always remember to disable the RDC when you are done. Again, I want to say that this is not a valid way of sharing files, but it’s very easy.

convert laptop to desktop

2009-11-01T11:58:00.013+05:30

Convert your laptop to a desktop!! by AMRIT BERA

This guide helps you to convert any laptop to a desktop with external heat-sink, mouse, keyboard, speakers and if you want, a UPS.

More specifically,

If your laptop is not booting because of overheating
HP infinite restarts problem
the outer chassis of the laptop is broken or cracked
keyboard or touch-pad is not working
laptop is overheating

There is nothing to explain. Just see the pictures and proceed.

The cooler is simply kept on top of the processor and graphics chip. no screw. but, if possible, you can try to fix it to the system board using screws or tape or rope or anything which you think suitable ;-)

Use a good quality heat-sink-compound. its very important.

if your doubts, problems or success stories in the comments.

be very gentle with the ZIF connectors!

you can also refer to my previous post about heat-sink

Good Luck!!

Guide:

Thank you.... take care

SOLVED!! HP INFINITE RESTARTS :: by Amrit Bera

2009-09-10T20:09:00.009+05:30

Does your computer (HP Pavilion dv2000/dv6000 and Compaq Presario v3000/v6000 Series Notebook PCs) restarts infinite times WITHOUT/before BOOTING?
by: Amrit Bera

And you are feeling frustrated and helpless and like crying??

Then don’t worry! Here is the last option you can try to repair your computer FREE OF COST!!

Proceed only if:

Your warranty has expired.
Your computer is not eligible for the FREE REPAIR given by HP (HP Pavilion dv2000/dv6000 and Compaq Presario v3000/v6000 Series Notebook PCs - HP Limited Warranty Service Enhancement).
The only option you have is to spend almost US $400 to REPLACE the motherboard i.e. said by the HP Support executive (that means YOUR MOTHERBOARD IS A WASTE and you don’t care if I BREAK/BURN your motherboard!).

Cause of the PROBLEM:

The integrated graphics chip heats and the temperature goes beyond limit. Every BIOS system is having a self-protection mechanism. So, when it sees the temp of the GPU is high and beyond limit, it restarts the computer. Even though sometime, this BIOS mechanism fails or executes lately, causing the chip to burn, this physically damages the motherboard.

I am assuming that you are lucky (the motherboard is not burnt) and it is the BIOS which is responsible for infinite number of restarts. So, we are going to rebuild the heat transfer mechanism.

Things you MUST keep handy before proceeding:

Download and keep the latest version BIOS in a REMOVABLE media like a pen-drive. For dv2000/V3000: F.39 or later AND for dv6000/V6000: F.3D or later. You can Download from the HP official website and going to the “Support and Driver” section. Download according to your Model number. (The file size is not more than 4MB)
Few grams of Heat Sink Compound. I got it free when I purchased a new DVD drive. It won’t cost more than US $1. If you are purchasing, then buy a good quality product because you are going to apply in your processor and GPU!!
Do everything carefully and gently because you can break the zero insertion force (ZIF) connectors, which are almost impossible to fix. Use a clean place and few small boxes to temporarily keep the screws.

PLZ LEAVE YOUR COMMENTS.

Ok. Enough talking. Let’s get started.

Step 1:
Disassemble your computer and open the motherboard. Every model of Compaq laptops is almost same (from mechanical design point of view). only the placement of sub-devices differs. you can find a lot of disassembly guide over the internet. Click here for one.

You can also get the official manful of your laptop from the HP's official web-site. for me it was: Maintenance and Service Guide, Compaq Presario V6000 Notebook PC. Document Part Number: 416630-003

Step 2:
Open the complete heat sink mechanism (with the fan). For first time, you may face a little problem for removing the heat-sink from the top of the processor. Don’t worry, it’s the heat-sink-paste given by HP. pull it gently. it will come up.

Step 3:
Take a dust free clean cloth and clean the portions labeled as "processor part" and "GPU part". clean it nicely and remove all the heat-sink-compound applied by the manufacturer.
The "GPU part" is made of a special kind of soft material. don’t take that out from the copper pipe and keep it clean.

Do the same with the graphics chip and processor. clean only the reflecting portions of the GPU and Processor. Also clean the full heat-sink panel and the cooling fan.

Step 4:
After cleaning all the things nicely and gently, take some heat-sink-paste (I used a match stick, but I prefer an ATM card) and apply on top of the processor and the GPU. lay it nicely. nither give less nor more. hope you can understand.

Step 5:
Fit the heat-sink-panel (along with the fan). into the motherboard gently, by not letting the paste to move as much as possible. tightly screw the panel with the GPU and processor, as you opened it.

Step 6:
Fit the LCD panel, keyboard, the power cable from motherboard to the power source, hard disc, and the power-switch circuit. the power switch circuit is very small and has three ports for motherboard, Speaker and one more which go into the LCD panel. I hope you know all these things because you disassembled the computer yourself.

Step 6:
on the computer by pressing the switch on the small circuit. For me, my computer still restarted for few more times and then it started and showed the BOOT screen!!

*If you are not getting anything or if it is showing "Operating System Not Found", then connect the components with the motherboard properly. check Twice. Because I did that mistake.
*After all these, if the computer is showing the same behavior as before, i.e. restarting without booting up, then this is the last option, TRY THIS.
***Never Ever give up. keep trying. you can use a multimeter (only if you know how to use it) to check the motherboard if there is any small component like a register or a capacitor is burnt. By anyway, you have to throw the motherboard, so what is there to try...

Step 7 (important):
Now you got your very old desktop!!

AS SOON AS POSSIBLE install the BIOS which you have saved in your pen-drive. Restart.

Now You are done.

I did it to my computer last week and from that time, it is working fine, without any problem. and guess what, I am writing this from the same computer!!!

PLZ LEAVE YOUR COMMENTS

जय हिंद!!

Dont forget to leave your comments, and if this solves your problem, then please give the link to your blog/forum/etc. where you had searched this solution, but couldnt find. The link is:
http://amritbera.blogspot.com/2009/09/solved-hp-infinite-restarts.html

HP Computer Keeps restarting?? SOLVED by AMRIT EBRA

Solved! HP computer infinite time restarts

2009-09-10T17:04:00.002+05:30

Does your computer (HP Pavilion dv2000/dv6000 and Compaq Presario v3000/v6000 Series Notebook PCs) restarts infinite times WITHOUT/before BOOTING?

And you are feeling frustrated and helpless and like crying??

Then don’t worry! Here is the last option you can try to repair your computer FREE OF COST!!

Proceed only if:

Your warranty has expired.
Your computer is not eligible for the FREE REPAIR given by HP (HP Pavilion dv2000/dv6000 and Compaq Presario v3000/v6000 Series Notebook PCs - HP Limited Warranty Service Enhancement).
The only option you have is to spend almost US $400 to REPLACE the motherboard i.e. said by the HP Support executive (that means YOUR MOTHERBOARD IS A WASTE and you don’t care if I BREAK/BURN your motherboard!).

I am assuming that you are lucky (the motherboard is not burnt) and it is the BIOS which is responsible for infinite number of restarts. So, we are going to rebuild the heat transfer mechanism.

Things you MUST keep handy before proceeding:

Download and keep the latest version BIOS in a REMOVABLE media like a pen-drive. For dv2000/V3000: F.39 or later AND for dv6000/V6000: F.3D or later. You can Download from the HP official website and going to the “Support and Driver” section. Download according to your Model number. (The file size is not more than 4MB)
Few grams of Heat Sink Compound. I got it free when I purchased a new DVD drive. It won’t cost more than US $1. If you are purchasing, then buy a good quality product because you are going to apply in your processor and GPU!!
Do everything carefully and gently because you can break the zero insertion force (ZIF) connectors, which are almost impossible to fix. Use a clean place and few small boxes to temporarily keep the screws.

PLZ LEAVE YOUR COMMENTS.

Ok. Enough talking. Let’s get started.

Step 1:
Disassemble your computer and open the motherboard. Every model of Compaq laptops is almost same (from mechanical design point of view). only the placement of sub-devices differs. you can find a lot of disassembly guide over the internet. Click here for one.

You can also get the official manful of your laptop from the HP's official web-site. for me it was: Maintenance and Service Guide, Compaq Presario V6000 Notebook PC. Document Part Number: 416630-003

Step 2:
Open the complete heat sink mechanism (with the fan). For first time, you may face a little problem for removing the heat-sink from the top of the processor. Don’t worry, it’s the heat-sink-paste given by HP. pull it gently. it will come up.

Step 3:
Take a dust free clean cloth and clean the portions labeled as "processor part" and "GPU part". clean it nicely and remove all the heat-sink-compound applied by the manufacturer.
The "GPU part" is made of a special kind of soft material. don’t take that out from the copper pipe and keep it clean.

Do the same with the graphics chip and processor. clean only the reflecting portions of the GPU and Processor. Also clean the full heat-sink panel and the cooling fan.

Step 4:
After cleaning all the things nicely and gently, take some heat-sink-paste (I used a match stick, but I prefer an ATM card) and apply on top of the processor and the GPU. lay it nicely. nither give less nor more. hope you can understand.

Step 5:
Fit the heat-sink-panel (along with the fan). into the motherboard gently, by not letting the paste to move as much as possible. tightly screw the panel with the GPU and processor, as you opened it.

Step 6:
Fit the LCD panel, keyboard, the power cable from motherboard to the power source, hard disc, and the power-switch circuit. the power switch circuit is very small and has three ports for motherboard, Speaker and one more which go into the LCD panel. I hope you know all these things because you disassembled the computer yourself.

Step 6:
on the computer by pressing the switch on the small circuit. For me, my computer still restarted for few more times and then it started and showed the BOOT screen!!

*If you are not getting anything or if it is showing "Operating System Not Found", then connect the components with the motherboard properly. check Twice. Because I did that mistake.
*After all these, if the computer is showing the same behavior as before, i.e. restarting without booting up, then I am SORRY :-(
***Never Ever give up. keep trying. you can use a multimeter (only if you know how to use it) to check the motherboard if there is any small component like a register or a capacitor is burnt. By anyway, you have to throw the motherboard, so what is there to try...

Step 7 (important):
Now you got your very old desktop!!

AS SOON AS POSSIBLE install the BIOS which you have saved in your pen-drive. Restart.

Now You are done.

I did it to my computer last week and from that time, it is working fine, without any problem. and guess what, I am writing this from the same computer!!!

PLZ LEAVE YOUR COMMENTS

जय हिंद!!

VMware Remote Console Unexplained Error

2009-03-19T12:54:00.001+05:30

Have you recently disconnected your network connection or disabled your network adapters in Windows and noticed you get a error when trying to run Remote Console in VMware Infrastructure Web Access? The remote console appears to work but only when the internet connection is active or connected to the internet. The way around this is by applying a static DNS entry to the host operating system.
Error opening the remote virtual machine machinename:8333\16: An unexplained error occurred.
Solution:
Goto network connections , then select vmnet1 >properties >internet protocol (tcp/ip) properties > then copyed the static ip address into the preferred DNS server >click ok > click ok

Or from the command prompt: netsh interface ip set dns “vmnet1″ static xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

This is a copy of my comment:
"Hey! Its really easy to use virtual box. Virtual Box is having very very less footprint and works jelly-smooth ;)

If you want only to run different OS in ur PC, i think VirtualBox is the best option you have. Before we used to face problems due to resize of displays and stuff like that. But they have this cool thing as "Install Guest add-ons".. Which allows us to resize the VMachine screen to any resolution you want. Also full mouse integrating with the host OS.

Moreover its open-source and free, and comes from the house of Oracle.

I'll suggest you people to use (at-lest try) Virtual Box. I use a ubuntu 10.10 64-bit box (AMD Phenom II 3.2 black edition, with 4-gigs of RAM), and Virtual box runs like MS-Paint in windows ;)

Thanx!"

More robot Pictures

2008-12-24T19:51:00.001+05:30

i found this pictures in the google image search. i am not the owner od this pictures.

America's robot army

2008-12-24T19:13:00.000+05:30

Already there are killing machines operating by remote control. Soon the machines will be able to kill on their own initiative. A new warfare is on its way.

this article is not written by me (Amrit Bera). I am not its owner. i found this on the internet. at this moment, the hyperlink is: http://www.newstatesman.com/200606120018
and the Pictures I found in google image search, by giving "robot defence".

War is about to change, in terrifying ways. America's next wars, the ones the Pentagon is now planning, will be nothing like the conflicts that have gone before them.

In just a few years, US forces will be able to deal out death, not at the squeeze of a trigger or even the push of a button, but with no human intervention whatsoever. Many fighting soldiers - those GIs in tin hats who are dying two a day in Iraq - will be replaced by machines backed up by surveillance technology so penetrating and pervasive that it is referred to as "military omniscience". Any Americans involved will be less likely to carry rifles than PlayStation-style consoles and monitors that display simulated streetscapes of the kind familiar to players of Grand Theft Auto - and they may be miles from where the killing takes place.

War will progressively cease to be the foggy, confusing, equalising business it has been for centuries, in which the risks are always high, everyone faces danger and suffers loss, and the few can humble the mighty. Instead, it will become remote, semi-automatic and all-knowing, entailing less and less risk to American lives and taking place largely out of the sight of news cameras. And the danger is close to home: the coming wars will be the "war on terror" by other names, conflicts that know no frontiers. The remote-controlled war coming tomorrow to Khartoum or Mogadishu, in other words, can happen soon afterwards, albeit in moderated form, in London or Lyons.

This is no geeky fantasy. Much of the hardware and software already exists and the race to produce the rest is on such a scale that US officials are calling it the "new Manhattan Project". Hundreds of research projects are under way at American universities and defence companies, backed by billions of dollars, and Donald Rumsfeld's department of defence is determined to deliver as soon as possible. The momentum is coming not only from the relentless humiliation of US forces at the hands of some determined insurgents on the streets of Baghdad, but also from a realisation in Washington that this is the shape of things to come. Future wars, they believe, will be fought in the dirty, mazy streets of big cities in the "global south", and if the US is to prevail it needs radically new strategies and equipment.

Only fragments of this story have so far appeared in the mainstream media, but enough information is available on the internet, from the comments of those in charge and in the specialist press to leave no room for doubt about how sweeping it is, how dangerous and how imminent.

Military omniscience is the starting point. Three months ago Tony Tether, director of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa), the Pentagon's research arm, described to a US Senate committee the frustration felt by officers in Iraq after a mortar-bomb attack. A camera in a drone, or unmanned aircraft, spotted the attackers fleeing and helped direct US helicopters to the scene to destroy their car - but not before some of those inside had got out. "We had to decide whether to follow those individuals or the car," he said, "because we simply didn't have enough coverage available." So some of the insurgents escaped. Tether drew this moral: "We need a network, or web, of sensors to better map a city and the activities in it, including inside buildings, to sort adversaries and their equipment from civilians and their equipment, including in crowds, and to spot snipers, suicide bombers or IEDs [improvised explosive devices] . . . This is not just a matter of more and better sensors, but, just as important, the systems needed to make actionable intelligence out of all the data."

Darpa has a host of projects working to meet those needs, often in surprising ways. One, called Combat Zones That See, aims to scatter across cities thousands of tiny CCTV cameras, each equipped with wireless communication software that will make it possible to link their data and track the movements of every vehicle on the streets. The cameras themselves will not be that different from those found in modern mobile phones.

Seeing through concrete

Already in existence are sensors the size of matchboxes which respond to heat, light, movement or sound; and a variety of programmes, including one called Smart Dust, are working on further miniaturising these and improving their ability to work as networks. A dozen US university teams are also developing micro-aircraft, weighing a few grams each, that imitate birds and insects and could carry sensor equipment into specific buildings or rooms.

Darpa's VisiBuilding programme, meanwhile, is making "X-ray eye" sensors that can see through concrete, locating people and weapons inside buildings. And Human ID at a Distance is working on software that can identify individual people from scans of their faces, their manner of walking or even their smell, and then track them anywhere they go.

Closely related to this drive are projects involving compu-ter simulations of urban landscapes and entire cities, which will provide backdrops essential for using the data gathered by cameras and sensors. The biggest is Urban Resolve, a simulated war against a full-scale insurgency in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, in the year 2015.

Digitised cities

Eight square miles of Jakarta have been digitised and simulated in three dimensions. That will not surprise computer gamers, but Urban Resolve goes much further: the detail extends to the interiors of 1.6 million buildings and even the cellars and sewers beneath, and it also includes no fewer than 109,000 moving vehicles and people. Even the daily rhythms of the city have been simulated. The roads, says one commentator, "are quiet at night, but during weekday rush hours they become clogged with traffic. People go to work, take lunch breaks and visit restaurants, banks and churches."

Digitise any target city and integrate this with the flow of data from many thousands of sensors and cameras, stationary and mobile, and you have something far more powerful than the regular snapshots today's satellites can deliver. You have continuous coverage, around corners and through walls. You would never, for example, lose those mortar bombers who got out of their car and ran away.

All this brings omniscience within reach. The US web-based magazine DefenseWatch, which monitors developments in strategy and hardware, recently imagined the near-future scenario of an operation in the developing world in which a cloud of minute, networked sensors is scattered like dust over a target city using powerful fans. Directed by the sensors, unmanned drones patrol the city, building up a visual and audio picture of every street and building. "Every hostile person has been identified and located," continues the scenario. "From this point on, nobody in the city moves without the full and complete knowledge of the mobile tactical centre."

Another Darpa project, Integrated Sensor is Structure, is working on the apex of such a system: huge, unmanned communications and surveillance airships that will loiter above target areas at an altitude of 70,000 feet - far above most airline traffic - providing continuous and detailed coverage over a whole city for a year or more.

From these platforms, all the information could be fed down in real time to soldiers and commanders carrying the hand-held computers being developed by the Northrop Grumman Corporation with Darpa funding. The real aim, however, is not to expose flesh-and-blood Americans on the ground, but where possible to use robots. That way there will be no "body bag problem"; and in any case machines are better equipped than human beings to process and make use of the vast quantities of data involved.

In one sense, robots are not new: already, armed drones such as Predator, "piloted" by CIA operators from screens in Florida, have been responsible for at least 80 assassination raids in Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen and Pakistan (killing many civilians as well). Defence contractors have also developed ground-based vehicles capable of carrying cameras and weapons into the battlefield.

But this is only the start. What will make the next generation different is that they are being designed so that they can choose, all on their own, the targets they will attack. Operating in the air and on the ground, they are being equipped with Automated Target Recognition software capable not only of comparing signals received from new-generation sensors with databases of targets, but also of "deciding" to fire guns or launch missiles automatically once there is a good "fit". Automated killing of this kind hasn't been approved by anyone yet, but it is certainly being planned. John Tirpak, editor of Air Force Magazine in the US, expects initially that humans will retain the last word, but he predicts that once robots "establish a track record of reliability in finding the right targets and employing weapons properly", the "machines will be trusted to do even that".

Planners believe, moreover, that robot warriors have a doomsday power. Gordon Johnson, a team leader on Project Alpha, which is developing robots for the US army, predicts that, if the robot's gun can return fire automatically and instantly to within a metre of a location from which its sensors have detected a gunshot, it will always kill the person who has fired. "Anyone who would shoot at our forces would die," says Johnson. "Before he can drop that weapon and run, he's probably already dead. Well now, these cowards in Baghdad would have to pay with blood and guts every time they shoot at one of our folks. The costs of poker went up significantly. The enemy, are they going to give up blood and guts to kill machines? I'm guessing not."

Again, this may sound like the plot of a B-movie, but the US military press, not a body of people given to frivolity, has been writing about it for some time. DefenseWatch, for example, also featured robots in that future war scenario involving sensors dispersed by fans. Once a complete picture of the target city is built up, the scenario predicted, "unmanned air and ground vehicles can now be vectored directly to selected targets to take them out, one by one".

The silver bullet

It is shocking, but will it happen? The project has its critics, even in the Pentagon, where many doubt that technology can deliver such a "silver bullet". But the doubters are not in the ascendant, and it would be folly, against the background of the Iraq disaster and the hyper-militarised stance of the Bush administration, to write it off as a computer gamer's daydream.

One reason Washington finds it so attractive is that it fits closely with the ideologies of permanent war that underpin the "war on terror". What better in that war than an army of robot warriors, permanently cruising those parts of the globe deemed to be "supporting terrorism"? And what a boon if they destroy "targets" all on their own, with not a single US soldier at risk. Even more seductively, this could all take place out of sight of the capricious western media.

These technologies further blur the line between war and entertainment. Already, games featuring urban warfare in digitised Arab cities are everyday suburban entertainment - some are produced by the US forces themselves, while a firm called Kuma Reality offers games refreshed weekly to allow players to simulate participation in fighting in Iraq almost as it is happening in the real world.

Creepy as this is, it can be worse: those involved in real warfare may have difficulty remembering they are not playing games. "At the end of the work day," one Florida-based Predator operator reflected to USA Today in 2003, "you walk back into the rest of life in America." Will such people always remember that their "work day", lived among like-minded colleagues in front of screens, involves real death on the far side of the world? As if to strengthen the link with entertainment, one emerging military robot, the Dragon Runner, comes with a gamer's control panel. Greg Heines, who runs the project, confesses: "We modelled the controller after the Play Station 2 because that's what these 18-, 19-year-old marines have been playing with pretty much all of their lives."

The US aspiration to be able to kill without human involvement and with minimum risk raises some dreadful questions. Who will decide what data can be relied on to identify a "target"? Who will be accountable when there is an atrocity? And what does this say about western perceptions of the worth and rights of the people whose cities are no more than killing fields, and who themselves are mere "targets" to be detected, tracked and even killed by machines?

Finally, the whole process feeds alarmingly into the "homeland security" drive in the cities of the global north. The same companies and universities are supplying ideas to both, and the surveillance, tracking and targeting technologies involved are closely related. What we are seeing is a militarisation of urban life in both north and south that helps perpetuate the biggest and most dangerous myth of all, which is that technical and military solutions can somehow magic away resistance to George W Bush's geopolitical project.

Stephen Graham is professor of human geography at Durham University. His latest book, "Cities, War and Terrorism", is published by Blackwell (£19.99)

WINDOWS TRUE HIDDEN FILES

2008-11-26T21:20:00.000+05:30

--ACRONYMS--
DOS = Disk Operating System, or MS-DOS
MSIE = Microsoft Internet Explorer
TIF = Temporary Internet Files (folder)
HD = Hard Drive
OS = Operating System
FYI = For Your Information

1)SEEING IS BELIEVING
No. Enabling Windows Explorer to "show all files" does not show the files in mention. No. DOS does not
list the files after receiving a proper directory listing from root. And yes. Microsoft intentionally
disabled the "Find" utility from searching through one of the folders.

Oh, but that's not all.

To see for yourself simply do as you would normally do to clear your browsing history. Go to Internet
Options under your Control Panel. Click on the [Clear History] and [Delete Files] buttons. (Make sure
to include all offline content.)

So, has your browsing history been cleared? One would think so.

These are the names and locations of the "really hidden files":

c:\windows\history\history.ie5\index.dat
c:\windows\tempor~1\content.ie5\index.dat
If you have upgraded MSIE several times, they might have alternative names of mm256.dat and
mm2048.dat, and may also be located here:

c:\windows\tempor~1\
c:\windows\history\
Not to mention the other alternative locations under:

c:\windows\profiles\%user%\...
c:\windows\application data\...
c:\windows\local settings\...
c:\windows\temp\...
c:\temp\...
(or as defined in your autoexec.bat.)

FYI, there are a couple other index.dat files that get hidden as well, but they are seemingly not very
important. See if you can find them.

2)IF YOU HAVE EVER USED MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER
1) Shut your computer down, and turn it back on.
2) While your computer is booting keep pressing the [F8] key until you are given an option screen.
3) Choose "Command Prompt Only" (This will take you to true DOS mode.) Windows ME users must use a boot
disk to get into real DOS mode.
4) When your computer is done booting, you will have a C:\> followed by a blinking cursor.
Type this in, hitting enter after each line. (Obviously, don't type the comments in parentheses.)

C:\WINDOWS\SMARTDRV (Loads smartdrive to speed things up.)
CD\
DELTREE/Y TEMP (This line removes temporary files.)
CD WINDOWS
DELTREE/Y COOKIES (This line removes cookies.)
DELTREE/Y TEMP (This removes temporary files.)
DELTREE/Y HISTORY (This line removes your browsing history.)
DELTREE/Y TEMPOR~1 (This line removes your internet cache.)

(If that last line doesn't work, then type this

CD\WINDOWS\APPLIC~1
DELTREE/Y TEMPOR~1

(If that didn't work, then type this

CD\WINDOWS\LOCALS~1
DELTREE/Y TEMPOR~1
If you have profiles turned on, then it is likely located under \windows\profiles\%user%\, while older
versions of MSIE keep them under \windows\content\.)

FYI, Windows re-creates the index.dat files automatically when you reboot your machine, so don't be
surprised when you see them again. They should at least be cleared of your browsing history.

3)CLEARING YOUR REGISTRY
It was once believed that the registry is the central database of Windows that stores and maintains the
OS configuration information. Well, this is wrong. Apparently, it also maintains a bunch of other
information that has absolutely nothing to do with the configuration. I won't get into the other
stuff, but for one, your typed URLs are stored in the registry.

HKEY_USERS/Default/Software/Microsoft/Internet Explorer/TypedURLs/
HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/Internet Explorer/TypedURLs/
These "Typed URLs" come from MSIE's autocomplete feature. It records all URLs that you've typed in manually
in order to save you some time filling out the address field.

4)SLACK FILES
As you may already know, deleting files only deletes the references to them. They are in fact still sitting
there on your HD and can still be recovered by a very motivated person.
Use window washer to delete slack files. /http://www.webroot.com/download/0506/reg3ww.exe

5)STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE THROUGH YOUR HIDDEN FILES
The most important files to be paying attention to are your "index.dat" files. These are database files
that reference your history, cache and cookies. The first thing you should know is that the index.dat files
is that they don't exist in less you know they do. They second thing you should know about them is that
some will *not* get cleared after deleting your history and cache.

To view these files, follow these steps:

In MSIE 5.x, you can skip this first step by opening MSIE and going to Tools > Internet Options > [Settings] > [View Files].
Now write down the names of your alphanumeric folders on a piece of paper. If you can't see any alphanumeric
folders then start with step 1 here:

1) First, drop to a DOS box and type this at prompt (in all lower-case). It will bring up Windows Explorer
under the correct directory.

c:\windows\explorer /e,c:\windows\tempor~1\content.ie5\
You see all those alphanumeric names listed under "content.ie5?" (left-hand side.) That's Microsoft's
idea of making this project as hard as possible. Actually, these are your alphanumeric folders that was
created to keep your cache. Write these names down on a piece of paper. (They should look something like
this: 6YQ2GSWF, QRM7KL3F, U7YHQKI4, 7YMZ516U, etc.) If you click on any of the alphanumeric folders then
nothing will be displayed. Not because there aren't any files here, but because Windows Explorer has lied
to you. If you want to view the contents of these alphanumeric folders you will have to do so in DOS.

2) Then you must restart in MS-DOS mode. (Start > Shutdown > Restart in MS-DOS mode. ME users use a
bootdisk.)

Note that you must restart to DOS because windows has locked down some of the files and they can only be
accessed in real DOS mode.

3) Type this in at prompt:

CD\WINDOWS\TEMPOR~1\CONTENT.IE5
CD %alphanumeric%
(replace the "%alphanumeric%" with the first name that you just wrote down.)

DIR/P
The cache files you are now looking at are directly responsible for the mysterious erosion of HD space
you may have been noticing.

5) Type this in:

CD\WINDOWS\TEMPOR~1\CONTENT.IE5
EDIT /75 INDEX.DAT
You will be brought to a blue screen with a bunch of binary.

6) Press and hold the [Page Down] button until you start seeing lists of URLs. These are all the sites
that you've ever visited as well as a brief description of each. You'll notice it records everything
ou've searched for in a search engine in plain text, in addition to the URL.

7) When you get done searching around you can go to File > Exit. If you don't have mouse support in DOS
then use the [ALT] and arrow keys.

Next you'll probably want to erase these files by typing this:

C:\WINDOWS\SMARTDRV
CD\WINDOWS
DELTREE/Y TEMPOR~1
(replace "cd\windows" with the location of your TIF folder if different.)

9) Then check out the contents of your History folder by typing this:

CD\WINDOWS\HISTORY\HISTORY.IE5
EDIT /75 INDEX.DAT
You will be brought to a blue screen with more binary.

10) Press and hold the [Page Down] button until you start seeing lists of URLS again.

This is another database of the sites you've visited.

11) And if you're still with me, type this:

CD\WINDOWS\HISTORY
12) If you see any mmXXXX.dat files here then check them out (and delete them.) Then:

CD\WINDOWS\HISTORY\HISTORY.IE5
CD MSHIST~1
EDIT /75 INDEX.DAT
More URLs from your internet history. Note, there are probably other mshist~x folders here so you can
repeat these steps for every occurence if you please.

13) By now, you'll probably want to type in this:

CD\WINDOWS
DELTREE/Y HISTORY

6)HOW MICROSOFT DOES IT
How does Microsoft make these folders/files invisible to DOS?

The only thing Microsoft had to do to make the folders/files invisible to a directory listing is to
set them +s[ystem]. That's it.

So how does Microsoft make these folders/files invisible to Windows Explorer?

The "desktop.ini" is a standard text file that can be added to any folder to customize certain aspects of
the folder's behavior. In these cases, Microsoft utilized the desktop.ini file to make these files
invisible. Invisible to Windows Explorer and even to the "Find: Files or Folders" utility. All that
Microsoft had to do was create a desktop.ini file with certain CLSID tags and the folders would disappear
like magic.

To show you exactly what's going on:

Found in the c:\windows\temporary internet files\desktop.ini and
the c:\windows\temporary internet files\content.ie5\desktop.ini is this text:

[.ShellClassInfo]
UICLSID={7BD29E00-76C1-11CF-9DD0-00A0C9034933}
Found in the c:\windows\history\desktop.ini and the c:\windows\history\history.ie5\desktop.ini is this text:

[.ShellClassInfo]
UICLSID={7BD29E00-76C1-11CF-9DD0-00A0C9034933}
CLSID={FF393560-C2A7-11CF-BFF4-444553540000}
The UICLSID line cloaks the folder in Windows Explorer. The CLSID line disables the "Find" utility
from searching through the folder.

To see for yourself, you can simply erase the desktop.ini files. You'll see that it will instantly give
Windows Explorer proper viewing functionality again, and the "Find" utility proper searching capabilities
again. Problem solved right? Actually, no. As it turns out, the desktop.ini files get reconstructed every
single time you restart your computer. Nice one, Slick.

Luckily there is a loophole which will keep Windows from hiding these folders. You can manually edit the
desktop.ini's and remove everything except for the "[.ShellClassInfo]" line. This will trick windows into
thinking they have still covered their tracks, and wininet won't think to reconstruct them.

USB 3.0 to Deliver a Tenfold Speed Increase

2008-11-26T20:04:00.007+05:30

The new spec will support data transfers at 4.8 gigabits per second, or Gbps, nearly 10 times faster than the current standard's 480 megabits per second and six times faster than FireWire 800. It's also 400 times faster than the 12 Mbps offered by the original spec, USB 1.0.

USB 2.0 is also known as "Hi-Speed USB," while USB 3.0 will have the confusingly similar moniker "SuperSpeed USB."

The new USB 3.0 connectors and devices will be compatible with older USB ports (on devices using USB 2.0 and 1.0) but they will be limited to the older ports' slower speeds.

MTP problem SOLVED!!!!! by Amrit Bera

2008-11-26T18:27:00.004+05:30

are you facing the same problem like me?? Some sort of MTP device proble?? then your solution is here!!!!
by: Amrit Bera

I have a Sony MP3 Player(NWZ-B133F). when i inserted it to my pc's USB port(which is working fine), win XP (SP 3) prompted "Found New hardware" wizard. I followed the steps and finally I reached to a step where it shows “MTP device Problem......” I tried many times with different USB ports, but the same problem happened.

Fully frustrated, I finally did what the whole world does, GOOGLE my problem. Google showed me a lot of posts but nothing could solve my problem. Microsoft was providing the MTP driver, but only after a lot of authentication and procedure, which I was not going to follow….

After repeatedly experimenting by inserting my MP3 player, I got the solution!! It is as follows:

1) Insert your music player in the USB port. You will get a Hardware Installation wizard by XP.

2) Select, “No, Not this time” and click next.

3) Select “Install from a list or specific location (Advanced)”.

4) Select “Don’t search. I will search the driver to install”.

5) Select “USB Mass Storage Device” and then click "Next"

7) Wow!! Now you are done!!!

Enjoy and listen to your favorite music!!

Dont forget to leave your comments, and if this solves your problem, then please give the link to your blog/forum/etc where you had searched a cure to this problem, but didnt got it. the link is:

http://amritbera.blogspot.com/2008/11/mtp-problem-solved.html

Thanks.

problem: Found New Hardware (MTP Device) wont quit popin up! SOLVED by AMRIT BERA
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MTP device keeps flashing found new hard ware.. SOLVED by AMRIT BERA
Mtp device Problem Solved by AMRIT BERA
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Zen Vision: M - MTP device driver problem - Creative Labs Solved by AMRIT BERA